Battle of South Mountain - Battle of South Mountain Civil War

Battle of South Mountain - Battle of South Mountain Civil War Battle of South Mountain - Conflict: The Battle of South Mountain was part of the 1862 Maryland Campaign during the American Civil War. Battle of South Mountain - Date: Union forces attacked the gaps on September 14, 1862. Armies Commanders: Union Major General George B. McClellan28,000 men Confederates General Robert E. Lee18,000 men Battle of South Mountain - Background: In September 1862, Confederate General Robert E. Lee began moving his Army of Northern Virginia north into Maryland with the goal of severing the rail lines to Washington and securing supplies for his men. Dividing his army, he sent Major General Thomas Stonewall Jackson to capture Harpers Ferry, while Major General James Longstreet occupied Hagerstown. Pursuing Lee north, Union Major General George B. McClellan was alerted on September 13, that a copy of Lees plans had been found by soldiers from the 27th Indiana Infantry. Known as Special Order 191, the document was found in an envelope with three cigars wrapped in a piece of paper near a campsite recently used by Major General Daniel H. Hills Confederate division. Reading the orders, McClellan learned Lees marching routes and that the Confederates were spread out. Moving with uncharacteristic speed, McClellan began putting his troops in motion with the goal of defeating the Confederates before they could unite. To expedite passing over South Mountain, the Union commander divided his force into three wings. Battle of South Mountain - Cramptons Gap: The Left Wing, led by Major General William B. Frankin was assigned to capture Cramptons Gap. Moving through Burkittsville, MD, Franklin began deploying his corps near the base of South Mountain early on September 14. At the eastern base of the gap, Colonel William A. Parham commanded the Confederate defense which consisted of 500 men behind a low stone wall. After three hours of preparations, Franklin advanced and easily overwhelmed the defenders. In the fighting, 400 Confederates were captured, most of who were part of a reinforcement column sent to aid Parham. Battle of South Mountain - Turners Foxs Gaps: To the north, the defense of Turners and Foxs Gaps was tasked to the 5,000 men of Major General Daniel H. Hills division. Spread over a two mile front, they faced the Right Wing of the Army of the Potomac led by Major General Ambrose Burnside. Around 9:00 AM, Burnside ordered Major General Jesse Renos IX Corps to attack Foxs Gap. Led by the Kanawha Division, this assault secured much of land south of the gap. Pressing the attack, Renos men were able to drive Confederate troops from a stone wall along the crest of the ridge. Exhausted from their efforts, they failed to follow up this success and the Confederates formed a new defense near the Daniel Wise farm. This position was reinforced when Brigadier General John Bell Hoods Texas Brigade arrived. Re-commencing the attack, Reno was unable to take the farm and was killed in the fighting. To the north at Turners Gap, Burnside sent Brigadier General John Gibbons Iron Brigade up the National Road to attack Colonel Alfred H. Colquitts Confederate brigade. Overrunning the Confederates, Gibbons men drove them back up into the gap. Widening the assault, Burnside had Major General Joseph Hooker commit the bulk of I Corps to the attack. Pressing forward, they were able to drive the Confederates back, but were prevented from taking the gap by the arrival of enemy reinforcements, failing daylight, and rough terrain. As night fell, Lee assessed his situation. With Cramptons Gap lost and his defensive line stretched to the breaking point, he elected to withdraw west in an effort to reconcentrate his army. Aftermath of the Battle of South Mountain: In the fighting at South Mountain, McClellan suffered 443 killed, 1,807 wounded, and 75 missing. Fighting on the defensive, Confederate losses were lighter and numbered 325 killed, 1560 wounded, and 800 missing. Having taken the gaps, McClellan was in prime position to achieve his goal of attacking the elements of Lees army before they could unite. Unfortunately, McClellan reverted to the slow, cautious behavior which had been the hallmark of his failed Peninsula Campaign. Lingering on September 15, he provided time for Lee to reconcentrate the bulk of his army behind Antietam Creek. Finally moving forward, McClellan engaged Lee two days later at the Battle of Antietam. Despite McClellans failure to capitalize on the capture of the gaps, the victory at South Mountain provided a much needed victory for the Army of the Potomac and helped to improve morale after a summer of failures. Also, the engagement ended Lees hopes for staging a prolonged campaign on Northern soil and put him on the defensive. Forced into making a bloody stand at Antietam, Lee and the Army of Northern Virginia were compelled to retreat back to Virginia after the battle. Selected Sources Son of the South: Battle of South MountainCWSAC Battle Summaries: Battle of South Mountain

Magnetisation Behaviour of Transition Metals and Ferrites Dissertation

Magnetisation Behaviour of Transition Metals and Ferrites - Dissertation Example Within this dissertation, an examinatio of ferro-, ferri-, and paramagnetic fields and how they all behave distinctly and how the level of magnetism of an object can be measured using a superconducting quantum interfering device (SQUID), the Magnetic Optical Kerr Effect (MOKE), or a Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) will be examined. The use of Giant Magneto-Resistance (GMR) as a technological advancement with numerous applications within the technological industry that applies magnetic fields to every day appliances and objects will also be examined. The use of the Stoner-Wohlfarth Theory, which assumes samples have a single domain to predict the hysteresis loop, will be presented with an accompanying proof and the results of an experiment using a VSM will be presented. The presented data will detail the magnetic behaviours of ferrites and transition metals. The focus of this dissertation is to discuss the behaviour of ferrites and transition metal alloys when they are magnetised. Ferrites are ferromagnetic materials (Kazimierczuk, 2009). Ferromagnetic substances are materials which acquire strong magnetic properties following the direction of the applied field when exposed to a magnetic field. The property demonstrated by ferromagnetic substances, such as iron, nickel, cobalt, steel, gadolinium and their corresponding alloys are termed as ferromagnetism. (Prakash, 2009). Transition metals are the metallic elements that serve as a bridge, or transition, between the two sides of the periodic table of elements and are located in groups IB through VIIIB. The transition elements are known as the transition metals because they possess the properties of metals in that these elements are very hard, with high melting and boiling points. Additional characteristics of transition metals are that they have several oxidation states, they usually form coloured compounds, and they are often paramagnetic. The transition elements include the important metals iron, copper and silver, although iron and titanium are the most abundant transition elements and the majority of catalysts for industrial reactions involve transition elements. Magnetisation refers to the exposure of a metal to a magnetic field causing the metal to be magnetised with the level of magnetism being a function of the strength of the magnetic field (Cullity and Graham, 2009). In a more technical sense, magnetisation was described by Lalena and Cleary (2010)

The way of duty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The way of duty - Essay Example Women are the ones that suffered the most by losing their loved ones during the American Revolution period since they were to be left alone to take care of both those who were fighting and also the family that remained at home As portrayed, in ‘The Way of Duty’, it was a time to practice their loyalty and patriotism to their country. Women were also to step up and take charge of all the family responsibilities while their men were away. Just like in the case of Mary, women lost their loved ones to diseases and some ended up being alone but they knew very well that losing hope was not an option. Life was to continue. Women were the ones that were much concerned and worried about what would happen to those in the fields. They involved them in prayers trusting and believing that all will be well. Most women became spiritual in the sense that they were to make ends meet.2 Women were the ones to endure broken marriages and separations not to mention tem being not in a position to enjoy their conjugal rights. Men were taken to different places as militia during the Revolution era and thus never were they close to their wives. Men who showed interest in politics were kidnapped and jailed for a significant number of days that will end up being even a year long. And when they were released men couldn’t help since they were ever in fear that they would be recaptured thus reducing their productivity. 3 Women had to take care of the rest of the family and persevere the pain of the struggle. They became the bread winners. They were to manage the farms so as to see that food was brought on the table. This was even made worse when their husbands, who were captured in the line of duty, to get their job benefits were turned down. If it happened that their husband were working in the public service and lost or couldn’t account for the money at their disposal this were to be taken in as debts

What is an american Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

What is an american - Essay Example an citizen does not only involve holding an American passport but it also entails respecting the ideas of the American founding fathers such as George Washington, James madison and Benjamin franklin (Dahl 134). Being an America also entails observing the American cultures and having a sense of belonging to them. A real American respects the American culture in terms of music, sports, language and norms. An American is that kind of person who will salute when they hear their olden native songs play since they understand where they country has come from and what it has gone through. America is a country that has been through a lot to achieve its stability and the successes it has now. An American is a kind of person who understands that life does not come on a silver platter since they have seen their country go through a lot. An America is a person who understands that achieving good things requires action exertion and effort (Uba 34). America has been involved in wars and even political assassinations to achieve its excellent political structure and hence an American must be a person who can persevere a lot. America is associated with famous innovations such as being the first people to step on the moon and also inventing the computer. This therefore means that Americans are big dreamers and innovators and they are people who work towards limitless innovations. Americans are a kind of people who understands that making ends meet one must use their brains and wits perfectly. America is home to the largest and most famous universities and hence an American is a person who values education. On average every American takes their education to the degree level. On the other hand an American is a person who understands that it is not education that matters it is how you use your brain that matters. This has been showcased where dropouts such as bill gates have ended up being innovators of very useful technology and have created worldwide employment even without

Reading Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reading Discussion - Essay Example It was also interesting to note that, even with these blurred lines between â€Å"pop† and culture, the media has played a critical role in influencing how both adults and children act. This could lead to lower self-esteem because people feel that they have to take specific actions in order to fit into the popular culture. I was also attracted to the fact that the United States has an overwhelming influence on the actions of other societies, specifically due to the fact that American composition classrooms have championed the incorporation of popular culture into academic study (Maasik & Solomon 7). It is almost as if had media technology not been invented, then the world would have had to focus on other issues that have more importance to their heritage and their lives. This is confusing because it could be assumed that the media would adapt to societal norms and reflect reality. Instead, it has adapted to popular culture and has influenced society to adapt to norms present in popular

Recycled toothbrushes make sense Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Recycled toothbrushes make sense - Essay Example This partnership can strengthen the brand image of the company in front of people who are concerned about the environment and help recycline achieve its mission of preserving the environment. Additional ways the company can market its product is by using alternatives to plastic in its packaging. This will further indicate the company’s willingness to achieve better environmental standards. It can also use trash cans or other disposed material in its production facility to allow recycling. Furthermore, the use of environmental ways of marketing, such as planting a tea accompanied by company branding can also serve the purpose as customers will start to associate green with Recycline. As the company grows larger it will face significant challenges in enhancing its production. In order to maintain its motto of using recycled products, it will have to seek partnership with government and nongovernmental agencies to facilitate them in getting disposed material that can be used as potential inputs for their product. Furthermore they will also have to expand their wind production facility. Marketing will have to take the ATL course more often and spending on marketing will also have to be

Public Policy Essay Example for Free

Public Policy Essay In the contemporary society, the world is characterized by freedom of speech and expression and also by a market place of policy ideas waiting to be prioritized or given a legislative action. As explained in detail by Hays (2001), analysis of Public policy debates began by John Kingdon (1984) and reissued in 1995. Kingdon critically examined how specific policies problems solutions become prominent. Looking at the policy making process, Kingdon particularly concentrated on the prediction stage and agenda setting ignoring the politics of how policy choices are made. He argued that many individual through their own means may call for attention on a particular policy issue that need to be changed but at the end of the day it is a group of elected experts whom he called policy community who make decision on the issue to be the first agenda item therefore providing the ground for new policies (Hays, 2001). The communities operate as resources but also as gatekeepers. Kingdon argued that collectively a range of individuals serve to make up the necessary policy community or networks including experts, elected officials, bureaucrats, researchers and even government itself. These communities influence the policy debate as witnessed in public policy institute of California (Mintrom, 2000). As a gate keeper, policy community or networks have a role in informal communication between those inside and the one outside the government. The channels are extraordinary open considering new ideas which deserve implementation while deciding on the one to be sidelined. Intellectual resourcefulness as well as determination is crucial in policy making process, Kingdon was emphatic that those who have more resources are better placed to make strong argument (Hays, 2001). Over the years, public debate have dominated United States politics and at times carrying away the policy communities like fad (Mintrom, 2000). The most recent is the Wall Street issue where the Bush administration and his Republican party proposed a boost plan to the mortgage sector including some home owners. The move which was intended to stimulate the economy however elicited policy debate from allover. According to Hays (2001), Kingdon summarizes the policy making process into three separate streams: Problem process stream, policy process stream and political stream. He argues that policy change advocates whom, he refer to as entrepreneurs of change mostly serve to belong to the above mentioned three streams in their efforts to bring popularity to a particular problem and also igniting policy innovation. By doing this they increase the chances that specific policy issues will give rise to new ideas and new policies. It is the problem stream where problems are recognized and identified for action. Both the people in government and outside government at any given time are aware of the social problems that need intervention. However, it is important to note that in problem defining stage much is likely to be left at stake since those benefiting from the status quo are likely to convince the others that no problem exists after all. The second stream is the policy stream which Kingdon highlights as the process which entails generating and debating of ides for policy development by communities of policy specialists. Rarely, people come out with new ideas but more often they use the old ones to understand the new ones and thinking of ways to reformulate them with the others (Hays, 2001). In order to be effective, public policy institutes must be objective to survive in community policy ideas. Solutions in most cases chase problems and that is to say people with solutions will look for the specific problems to solve (Mintrom, 2000). In addition, such institutions must be not only feasible but also compatible with the values of the majority of specialist in policy communities. Alteration of ideas and efforts by the policy advocate to persuade others according to Kingdon is one way of achieving compatibility (Hays, 2001).