Life In The Inner City - Free Essay Example

I have been living in the City of Springfield since the mid 1980’s. It is not a secret that we have been experiencing an increase in youth related violence. The Springfield Police even has a gang task force. What we do not have is enough people willing to give young people a â€Å"second† chance. However, we do not give them a first chance to begin with. We do not support any positive youth development programs that allow participants the time and space to plan activities of interest, problem solve, and develop leadership skills. Anything that is youth driven makes adults uncomfortable and highly suspicious. We lack strong young leaders because we want nothing to do with giving them a chance to develop those skills in a safe encouraging environment. There are very few positive youth development activities taking place in our neighborhoods. Youth are often misled to join gangs only to then realize that it is not a productive way to live their lives and earn an honest living. Unfortunately for many of them the realization happens once they have already been charged or convicted for a misdemeanor or a felony. Once they have gotten into trouble and are convicted for a crime, they have even less of a chance to get involved in anything that will enhance their development into healthy, responsible and productive adults. I know first hand how incredibly difficult it is to obtain employment with as much as a misdemeanor on record. I have met numerous young men with a wealth of knowledge and life experience. If someone would just give them a chance, they could leave the past behind and move on to become responsible citizens. In spite of that, they are unable to get passed a job application. They are not given an opportunity to work and earn a living. How discouraging is that. We ought to be interested in CORI reform and supportive of youth-driven programs that prepare youth to make proud choices and gives them a sense of belonging and ownership bef ore they get into trouble. This is the only way that we can reduce and eventually eliminate the problem of youth violence.

Exposing the Negative Effects of Technology on Kids Essay

The current generation of children is completely different from the preceding ones. They are living in the digital age. â€Å"Technology has blended in with daily activity to become a way of life and children today take for granted all of which is automated. It is hard for kids today to imagine a world that existed without all of the gadgets, electronics and seamless operations that computer technology provides.† (Goessl) â€Å"Children in the United States devote some 40 hours a week to television, video games and the Internet.† (Kalb, Raymond and Adams) Many psychologists and researchers are concerned about the impact that technology may have on children. Children, tomorrow’s future parents and leaders, are being consumed by the negative effects†¦show more content†¦By spending inordinate quantities of time in the interactive, virtual, two-dimensional, cyberspace realms of the screen, she believes that the brains of the youth of today are headed for a drastic alteration.† (Cornwell) Numerous teenagers and children alike that interact online come in contact with people who are pretending to be someone who they are not. That causes the â€Å"pretenders† to lose touch with their personal identity and reality. It also causes the youth that they chat with to falsely learn about people. How could you possibly have strong relationships with people that you don’t really know accurate information about? Children used to actually talk to their real life friends. For today’s teenagers and preteens, the give and take of friendship seems to be conducted increasingly in the abbreviated snatches of cell phones texts, or through social networking sites like Facebook. The question on researcher’s minds is whether the quality of their interactions is being diminished without the intimacy and emotional give and take of regular, extended face-to-face time. The ease of electronic communication could be making teens less interested in face-to-face conversations, which lead to bad consequences. These teenagers may also feel that online relationships are easier than in person thus increasing the chance of ruining needed social skills. People who study relationships believe that good friendships that we develop as aShow MoreRelatedViolent Video Games and the Effects on the Youth800 Words   |  4 PagesViolent Video Games and the Effects on the Youth Today our world is surrounded by technology and new inventions that make our lives better. Some of the most popular of hobbies among children and teenagers are video games, but what many people don’t know is that they are bad for them. Violent video games in particular have been proven to not be appropriate for the age groups that play them and to have a negative effect on school, social behavior, and increase aggression. Kids who play violent video gamesRead MoreTelevision And Its Impact On Children s Lifestyle1742 Words   |  7 Pagestelevision in the society, it presents negative impacts. Frequency and time spent on television, especially for the young children does not only define the children’s lifestyles, but also has a bearing on the development and growth of such children. Such factors responsible for shaping children’s culture and growth include time spent on following television, the nature of the programs, and the company of the children during such viewership. This paper explores the effects of television and its programs onRead MoreSocial Media Plays an Important Role on How Children Act730 Words   |  3 Pagesare changing, new technology is being invented, new things are trending, and it could be ruining childrens childhood. Young children are too often being exposed to inappropriate things online, tv, and even at school. They are very easily influenced, so any little thing they see can affect their entire view on what is right and what is wrong. Children also spend endless hours doing nothing except staring at screens, which could lead to mental and/or health issues. New technology is making bullyingRead MoreThe Digital Parent Trap Analysis814 Words   |  4 Pagesculture and technology stories. Technology has greatly progressed with both a negative and positive effect mostly throughout children and the way they put it to use. In Elianas story â€Å"The Digital Parent Trap† consists of many different uses of rhetorical analysis in which help structure her argument about how technology should be introduced to a child at a young age to help them get the best learning and understanding as possible. In her article, Dockterman first describes how technology plays an importantRead MoreNegative Effects Of Smartphones On Children1679 Words   |  7 Pagesbeen a massive technology advancement, the negative effects of smartphone use outweigh the positive effects when it comes to children. Many kids are only twelve years old when receiving their first phones, but it is not uncommon for kids as young as eight years old to own their own smartphone. Children are exposed to smartphones far before then, too. At two years of age, my own daughter, taught herself how to use an iPhone. She could scroll through photos and find the YouTube Kids application toRead MoreGigabytes and Grades: Some Effects of Technology on Childhood Development and Learning755 Words   |  3 Pagesask themselves what effects this new technology driven world is going to have on the younger generations? Are these kids going to become the most efficient multi-taskers to be seen, or is this boom in technological advanc e, and the societal pressure to be adept at even the newest technologies going to create a generation of youth who do not know how to get through the day without constant internet feeds and the connectedness to the entirety of the technological world? The effects of this increase inRead MoreTechnology and Its Effects on Children1062 Words   |  5 PagesThe use of technology has skyrocketed over the past few years, with a whopping ninetyfive percent of people utilizing the internet, constantly checking smartphones, and relying on other forms of media for entertainment, socializing, or work related instances. Compared with the digital satellites, MP3 players, and Palm Pilots of the 1990s, the technology today has truly advanced, causing many people to become dependent on media-related devices. More than fifty percent of today’s youth contribute toRead MoreTechnology And Its Effect On Society Essay1204 Words   |  5 Pagesthe world is increasing very rapidly, and new innovat ions are coming along each and everyday. Technology is the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially in industry. There is no denying that the impact of technology in the world today is huge, now technology has made it to the palm of our hands with the iPhone and continuing to expand. My generation has grown up on technology so I can’t imagine how my life would be with out it, older people may say it has ruined the livesRead MoreThe Effects Of Technology On The Adolescent Brain Essay944 Words   |  4 PagesOverview Technology is everywhere. Americans are surrounded by it on a daily basis. Although, we seem to be fully immersed in the technological world, we really aren’t. Most Americans believe that they are knowledgeable when their actual knowledge of technology is limited. Specifically, today’s youth, ages eight to eighteen, use technology a staggering eleven and a half hours a day, according to the Kaiser Family Foundation. â€Å"Their brains have become ‘wired’ to use their tech gadgets effectivelyRead MoreNew York : Meredith Books1185 Words   |  5 Pages2nd ed. California: Corwin. This book is an essential guide is completely updated with new research findings and evolving best practices for prevention and response to cyberbully, including: Summaries of recent legal rulings related to teens and technology A plan for educators, parents, students, and law enforcement to work individually and collaboratively to prevent and respond to cyberbullying Useful â€Å"breakout boxes† highlighting strategies you can implement. Analysis of research findings Wade

The Simple Plurality System - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 936 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Politics Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? In Brittan the Simple Plurality System (FPTP) is used for general elections. However, the need for an electoral reform has been argued and a referendum on changing the electoral system from First-Past-The-Post to the Alternative Vote will be held on any day before the end of October 2011. This essay will include the problems of First-Past-The-Post and will discuss whether the Alternative Vote would be fairer. First-Past-The-Post or the Single Plurality System is an electoral system in which a candidate only needs the plurality of votes to win i.e. more votes than any other candidate, and doesnt need an overall majority. That is why this system is sometimes called the winner-take-all-system. However, it is possible to win with an overall majority and when a party regularly does so in a specific constituency; the seat of that constituency is called a safe seat. Whereas, when a party wins with a small margin in a particular constituency, the seat would be called a marginal seat and that could be easily changed. The main argument against FPTP is that it is disproportional, i.e. the percentage share of the popular vote of parties does not reflect the percentage share of seats. This means that candidates can be elected on a small amount of public support. For instance, in 1997 Labour won 419 out of 659 seats, which is 63% of seats, although it only won 43% of the votes. In addition, it has been argued that this system promotes tactical voting, that is people voting against the party they dislike rather than for the party they support. As well as that, a common argument against FPTP is that it wastes a huge amount of votes, since votes of the losing candidates and the surplus votes of the winning candidates are counted for nothing. Also, people who are against FPTP claim that it limits the choice of voters, as they can only vote on a package of policies and if they are dissatisfied with some of the policies that the partys manifesto contains they cannot express their opinions at the ballot box. Furthermore, it has been argued that FPTP dismays turnout, because many voters are reluctant to vote as they think their vote will not make a difference. This can be illustrated by the fact that turn out in European countries where PR and mixed systems are used is higher than in the UK. For these reasons many people want an electoral reform. The Liberal Democrats Party is the party, who included a pledge of a reform of the voting system. However, the Liberal Democrats wanted to change the system to the Single Transferable Vote system which is a PR system, but as a part of the coalition consensus with the Conservatives, they had to settle for the Alternative Vote. The AV is a majoritarian system, in which preferential voting is used. The referendum was supposed to be held on the 5th of May 2011, but the government lost by 195 votes to 199 on the 6th of December. Therefore, the referendum will be held anytime before the end of O ctober 2011. The main argument for the AV system is that it produces MPs, who have the majority support of the voters i.e. more than 50% of the vote. Moreover, it is argued that this system will lessen tactical voting, as voters can vote for the party they support no matter how small it is while knowing that their vote would still determine the winner. In addition, the division of constituencies under AV is the same as FPTP, so there would be no need for redrawing boundaries and each constituency will still have an MP who represents it. As well as that, supporter of AV believe that it excludes extremist parties which are unlikely to win second-preference votes. Whether or not the AV system is fairer than FPTP depends on individuals interpretation of fair. If fair is seen as more proportional, then some people argue that AV is a fairer system as they claim it is less disproportional than FPTP. Nonetheless, many people disagree and even believe that it could lead to a less propo rtional representation than FPTP and it is a winner takes all system as well. On the other hand, fair might be considered as a system in which the winner is more supported, in that sense, supporters of AV claim that it is fairer since the winner has more than 50% of the votes. Whereas, supporter of FPTP argue that FPTP produces a winner that is the voters first choice rather than their second or third preference. As already mentioned, AV is not the system that the Lib-Dems want; in fact Nick Clegg called it a miserable little compromise. Fiji, Australia and Papua New Guinea are the only three countries that use AV in their national general elections, and two of them are considering leaving it. Moreover, its argued that AV reduced the turnout in Australia, thats why they had to make voting mandatory. President of the no AV campaign Beckett, M (2010) said AV doesnt help democracy, it stands in its way, and I will be urging people to vote no next May. In conclusion, I think elect oral reform is a decision that needs a lot of consideration. Therefore, it is not a good idea to change the voting system to one which wasnt even included in the manifestos of either coalition parties, to choose between two majoritarian systems, to select a system which is more complicated and maybe more disproportional than the current one. In my point of view, even if the country needs an electoral reform, it should consider a different system rather than AV. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Simple Plurality System" essay for you Create order

Developing an e-Business Strategy Essay - 1276 Words

At the core of the development of an e-business strategy for any particular organization lays several issues that need to be spotted on by any person who intends to successfully develop either a B2C e-business model or a B2B e-business model. Due to the rapid development of technology and globalization in the 21st century, e-business has suddenly become an important means of conducting business transactions given the big difference in both businesses and consumers’ way of living prior and during the advent of technology. According to (Wickramasinghe, 2007) since the various e-business models were tested to deliver outstanding and beneficial results in any organization, big or small, many organizations has strived to develop value-driven†¦show more content†¦Consider for example a businessman who intends to pursue a particular opportunity for his firm. His plan was to provide a highly-integrated set of services in all wireless networks in specified locations within the United States. Initially, upon looking at the firm’s business model for this specific project, the model seems to be perfect and is consistent with the core goals and logic for coming up with such a plan (Shafer et al., 2005). When asked however of his plans in addressing the possible incompatibilities in terms of the standards among wireless networks, the businessman merely stated his assumption that everything will flow smoothly as planned. On the other hand, thee truth is that there is a huge possibility that his business model will not work a hundred percent as planned due to discrepancies and incompatibility issues in wireless networks (Shafer et al., 2005). The point in giving this example is that any businessman who intends to use a business model must not expect that the model itself will work by itself and that certain issues and disadvantages will not be encountered especially in the process of building or developing an e-business strategy. Among the main issues that a businessman is most likely to experience in developing an e-business strategy for either a B2C e-business model or a B2B e-business model is the majorShow MoreRelatedImpact Of E Commerce On Global Economy1352 Words   |  6 PagesImpact of E-Commerce on Global Economy It is exciting area especially E-Commerce. The advancement in World Wide Web, computers and mobile wireless communication technologies are transforming the way business is conducted. The success stories of Amazon, eBay are few examples. New technologies have provided the required platform for innovation, growth, shopping convenience, and price advantage due to the boundary less competition. Business leaders across the industry are developing new strategies to adoptRead MoreSkills, Logistical Infrastructure, And Production1107 Words   |  5 PagesSMEs lack in time and skills to implement application to conduct electronic business. Suppliers, employers and customers need to be trained and educated for which many small businesses lack in time and financial capabilities. Dramatic increase in business can also be a threat to SME who cannot satisfy new customer demands. Face-to-face business between suppliers and customers is considered as the strong way of doing business by means of trust so became a barrier for adoption. On the other hand, mostRead MoreMarketing a Hypothetical E-Business: A Discussion About the Strategic Components of the Marketing Strategy885 Words   |  4 Pagestransition is occurring more and more as the business world deals with the challenges of acquiring consumers attention. The new digital landscape that has evolved with the technology that drive s it needs to be understood by those in charge of marketing strategies for business firms. The purpose of this essay is to describe how I will market a hypothetical e-business and discuss the strategic components contained within this marketing strategy. This strategy will incorporate the use of different mediaRead More7-E Japan Business Strategy is the Definition of Success825 Words   |  3 PagesBusiness Strategy definition as success factor: 7-E Japan (7EJ) designed a business strategy focused on Japanese customer’s behaviors for household goods requirements. The responsiveness level, transparency and agility of 7EJ SC was based on a business model strategy which designed storages location, inventory levels and transportation strategy supported by technology (Chopra Meindl, 2007). Companies should design business strategy for success on SC implementation (Chopra Meindl, 2007; SethiRead MoreThe Challenges of E-Commerce1403 Words   |  6 PagesThe Challenges of E-Commerce MKT552 The Challenges of E-Commerce Today’s business managers face many challenges when migrating a traditional ‘brick and mortar’ company to that which is now known as the evolutionary ‘click and mortar’ business model – that is, a business that operates in the Internet market space. To stand boldly in the face of challenges presented by the networked economy, firms must develop competencies that enable not only high performance market interactivity and adaptiveRead MoreEssay E-Business1680 Words   |  7 PagesE-Business 1- Abstract 2- About E-Business 3- Advantages and Disadvantages 4- The impact if e-business on a typical business 5- What a company must do to transform its strategy when it decides to transform into e-business 6- Conclusion 7- References Abstract There is a misconception that e-Business simply means buying and selling products and services over the Internet. The broader view of e-Business focuses on the key processes that directly enhance revenue Ââ€" namely, customer acquisitionRead MoreE-Commerce Strategies for Airasia1576 Words   |  7 PagesAIR ASIA E-COMMERCE STRATEGIES Low cost per average seat kilometer AirAsia focused on ensuring a competitive cost structure as its main business strategy. It has been able to achieve a cost per average seat kilometer (ASK) of 2.5 cents, half that of Malaysia Airlines and Ryanair and a third that of EasyJet. AirAsia can lease the B737-300s aircraft at a very competitive market rates due to the harsh global market conditions for the second-hand aircrafts because of the September 11th event in 2001Read MoreCourse schedule IST7100 1 1 1589 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿WILMINGTON UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY SYLLABUS FACULTY MEMBER: Karen Watson TERM: Summer Block 1 COURSE TITLE: IT Policy Strategy COURSE NUMBER: IST.7100 TEXTBOOK: TITLE: IT Policy and Strategy AUTHOR: Pearson Custom Library ISBN: 978-1-269-12350-1 If you would like more precise information regarding the textbook(s) for this class, please visit the bookstore website at http://www.wilmcoll.edu/bookstore METHOD OF CONTACT:Read MoreSwot Analysis Of Amazon1025 Words   |  5 PagesAmazon is a Fortune 500 e-commerce company based in Seattle, Washington, the company being one of the first largest to sell goods over the internet. In 1994, Jeff Bezos launched Amazon, the next year the business took off. Amazon originally started out as an online bookstore quickly diversifying its self by adding music, DVD’s, video games and clothing. These days’ amazon sells everything you can think of, including groceries and delivers right to your door. Amazon considers itself a customer centeredRead MoreBusiness Is Developing For Competitive Advantage1210 Words   |  5 Pagesanswer the question â€Å"How e-business is developing for competitive advantage to provide profit maximization to DELL’s online business? To answer this question the research will review the initial period of Dell’s business and the effectiveness of those strategies and models. Then the market situat ion and business competitiveness and challenges faced in lieu of those situations will be quickly analysed to understand Dell’s management decision of creating Dell’s online business. Finally, the research

Medical Sociology Essay - 3862 Words

Medical Sociology Introduction That the medical field is facing very difficult challenges, some of which are old and many which are new, is nothing new to the public. Issues such as the lack of health care coverage for everyone, the high cost of medical care and the growing distance between health care professionals and patients are only few highlights of this crisis. What is different about our current crisis is the approach that is taken in order to solve these problems. Present discussion of the health care crisis centers around economic and political issues, and moreover, many health care workers and sociologists are concerned that such a discussion has shifted the emphasis away from the people in the system--the patients and†¦show more content†¦Theory and general practices of medical sociology Before applications of medical sociology are addressed, a look at the theory and general practice of medical sociology is appropriate. The theory of sociology concerns understanding the meaning of social action which comprises the subjective elements of human beings; it explores human beings and their relationship to social agencies and the hierarchical structures of society which determine the quality of that relationship; and it addresses questions of social order in the midst of disruptive and disorganizing elements in society (Turner, 1987, p. 3, emphasis added). When applied to medicine, sociology becomes the means by which health care personnel can see the whole picture, including historical, economical, cultural, and political forces. There has been a controversy surrounding the authority of medical sociology as a critical voice of the current health system. First is the concern that most of the medical sociologists do not go to medical school; they are not trained professionals. However, many view this prejudice as a historical and social power problem. For instance, in the past, the doctors word was not questioned or scrutinized as itShow MoreRelatedMedical Sociology Is Usually Referred To As The Sub Branch1539 Words   |  7 Pages Medical sociology is usually referred to as the sub branch of sociology that explores and analyses the social causes and subsequent outcomes pertaining to health and illness (Cockerham, 2014). In this context mention may be made of the health status of individuals and populations that are not uniform and consistent thereby leads to inequity. The factors governing these disparities do not necessarily emanate from the genetic predispositions of the concerned person but is largely depe ndent upon factorsRead MoreWhat Is It To Be Convincing? At First, This Appears As1750 Words   |  7 Pagesoptions. That is, it is a general question asking on what grounds will someone be â€Å"truly† willing to change their beliefs? Another possibility is to read it specifically in relation to the context of the title of this preface: what makes cognitive sociology convincing? To follow the general interpretation strategy, it seems important to know whether this is a question of philosophy or the arts. If it is one of philosophy, the answer would bring in the sub-field of epistemology that studies theoriesRead MoreA Sociological Theory Of Health And Illness1668 Words   |  7 Pagesbelieve that medical profession is fundamental part of this unit and plays the most important role in the development of the society. Functionalist believes that medical profession possess the highest status in the society. It is because of their strenuous and long period of study, deferred gratification and vital role they play in the society by dealing with sick people, and treating them equally, professionally and ethically. Functionalists emphasized on the recognition of medical professionalsRead MoreThe Sociology Of Health And Illness1292 Words   |  6 Pagesexplains that Medical sociology or the sociology of health and illness is majorly based on the empiricist philosophy which uses the measurement of objectives for quantitative change. Lupton (2012) traces that early in its development, medical sociology inherited rationalist approach for its acceptance as semi-scientific methodology and by virtue of which is considered as a component of social medicine rather than critical sociology and theRead MoreThe Sociological Imagination Essay1065 Words   |  5 Pagesa society with the society as a whole. Most people refer to sociology as the study of how people or individuals interact with each other. In order to fully understand sociology and the concept of the sociological imagination as proposed by C. Wright Mills, one has to be able to envision the individual and the society working together to better understand the role each plays in the social order. C. Wright Mills states that Sociology must make a connection between the individual and the socialRead MoreThe Study Of Human Social Relationships And Institutions873 Words   |  4 PagesAmerican Sociological Association Sociology; there are only so many ways to define this term and one of them according to The University of North Carolina, is â€Å"the study of human social relationships and institutions.† A sociologist’s on the other hand is someone who works as a professor, researcher, or consultant on sociological issues. For all the sociologists in the world, what they are simply trying to do in the most basic sense is understand society. There are hundreds of people who dedicateRead MoreAsdfghjkl894 Words   |  4 PagesSociology Research Area * * Aging and the Life Course * Alcohol and Substance Abuse * Asia amp; Asian America * Collective Behavior and Social Movements * Community and Urban Sociology * Comparative and Historical Sociology * Sociology and Computers * Crime, Law amp; Deviance * Economic Sociology * Environment amp; Technology * Family amp; Marriage * History of Sociology * International Migration * Latino/aRead MoreSociology, Race, And Social Classes1154 Words   |  5 PagesArielis Gonzalez SOCI 110 March 8, 2017 Sociology Sociology is the study of diverse subjects in a society which includes: religion, race culture, and social classes. It also involves the study of the behavior of people and all the changes that happen in society. In each social setting, there are shared beliefs which also change through time. Sociology informs us of the making of policies which tend to improve the lives of people in a setting. It provides distinct perspectives to generate new ideasRead MoreBio-Medicine1004 Words   |  5 Pages Sociology is the study of human interaction and organisation of society; it is often areas which are problematized in need of provision. It can be explained that health and illness are simply biological descriptions of the state of our bodies. The structures of the body have been mapped out through genetics. This is ever closer inspection of the body or as Foucault 1977 would suggest through this ‘medical gaze’ which has brought considerable power to the medical profession. The sociology ofRead MoreHealth: A Major Social Issue1425 Words   |  6 Pageswhen they are ill. The sick role allows the person to be exempt from normal social obligations and to not be blamed for being ill, while also requiring that the person attempts to return to being healthy as soon as possible and complies with the medical profession ( Moore, 2008, p282). Therefore illness has a social dimension, in that it is viewed as a hindrance to the functioning of society. Parsons’ theory has been criticised by other sociologists for many reasons, such as the fact that it does

Bmw Culture Free Essays

With over 90 years in the industry the culture at BMW is an anomaly in the car manufacturing business. BMW teaches their employees the history of the company and their mission from day one. Problem times from years past are also told to the new employees. We will write a custom essay sample on Bmw Culture or any similar topic only for you Order Now For example when the company was on the verge of bankruptcy in 1959 and was saved by a local business man, these mishaps are used as learning tools to stop history from repeating itself. Regardless of your job title all levels work together to create ideas to better the brand and product. The regular hierarchy that you see within a company is not an obstacle when voicing your thoughts and ideas. Team brainstorming is done on a regular basis and everyone’s input is valued. BMW was one of the first companies to offer profit sharing in Germany to its employees. The leadership at BMW is one the values the employees and listens to their ideas. The type of open door leadership BMW allows for employees to feel as if they have value to the company and its achievements. Informal powwows are used to brainstorm for ideas with all levels of employees. It is sometimes referred to as a freewheeling idea factory. Employees from all different departments are known to get together and work on a single project. This culture allows for employees to feel as if they are valued and that their ideas are appreciated. No one is looked down upon when they present an idea even if they are not as â€Å"high up† as the other people in the room. This allows for great ideas to be given and fostered. The work environment at BMW is so highly sought after that over 200,000 applications are received annually. The job characteristics model involves increasing the amount of skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback in a job. Three critical psychological states: (1) experienced meaningfulness of the tasks performed, (2) experience personal responsibility for tasks outcomes, and (3) knowledge of the tasks performed. Managers at BMW seldom have formalized training to learn their jobs. This forces them to work closely with other managers and their teams to figure out ways to improve the business. This is another example of how employees are tightly knight and feel as if their opinions matter. The line between management and subordinates is very thin. They work so closely together that the hierarchy is not as pronounced as in most companies. The heavy involvement of all employees increases productivity and job satisfaction. Organizational creativity is fostered at BMW in many ways. BMW looks to its workers to come up with ways to save the company money. Individuals whose ideas save the plant money receive bonuses. The more ideas you present the more money you earn. This pushes employees to come up with solid ideas that will benefit the company. This is a win win situation for both BMW and the employees. Satisfied and motivated employees are a vital part of BMW. Interdepartmental brainstorming is very common and they work closely to come up with ideas. People aren’t criticized for their ideas no matter how off the wall they might be. They are encouraged to think outside the box. The culture and work environment at BMW greatly influences the performance and production of its workers. Workers are so happy with their employment they are willing to work extra hours on heavy productions days and not get paid overtime. This practice is unheard of in most companies. Very rarely are employees willing to work extra hour and not be compensated with hour time pay. This is offset by the accrual of days off instead. Workers are also willing to move away from home for extended periods of time and work long hours. All of these things create job stability for the employees and help reduce layoffs. BMW is the leader in car customization. They are able to complete over 170,000 changes a month in their orders. This is unheard of in the car manufacturing industry. Such changes would set other manufacture back months but BMW is able to make the changes and stay on schedule due to the dedication of its employees. Other manufactures are looking to BMW to try to duplicate this process but have yet to reach this level. BMW is the leader of the pact when it comes to innovation and employees moral. More companies regardless of their industry need to follow this awesome example of teamwork. They would be able to produce more and spend less which is always the goal when running a business. After reading this case I see why over 200,000 people apply for a position there yearly. It seems like a great place to work and grow. How to cite Bmw Culture, Papers

Business Strategy free essay sample

Strategic management involves the formulation and implementation of the major goals and initiatives taken by a companys top management on behalf of owners, based on consideration of resources and an assessment of the internal and external environments in which the organization competes. [1] Strategic management provides overall direction to the enterprise and involves specifying the organizations objectives, developing policies and plans designed to achieve these objectives, and then allocating resources to implement the plans. Academics and practicing managers have developed numerous models and frameworks to assist in strategic decision making in the context of complex environments and competitive dynamics. Strategic management is not static in nature; the models often include a feedback loop to monitor execution and inform the next round of planning. [2][3][4] Harvard Professor Michael Porter identifies three principles underlying strategy: creating a unique and valuable [market] position, making trade-offs by choosing what not to do, and creating fit by aligning company activities to with one another to support the chosen strategy. Dr. Vladimir Kvint defines strategy as a system of finding, formulating, and developing a doctrine that will ensure long-term success if followed faithfully. [6] Corporate strategy involves answering a key question from a portfolio perspective: What business should we be in? Business strategy involves answering the question: How shall we compete in this business? [7] In management theory and practice, a further distinction is often made between strategic management and operational management. Operational management is concerned primarily with improving efficiency and controlling costs within the boundaries set by the organizations strategy. Strategic management involves the formulation and implementation of the major goals and initiatives taken by a companys top management on behalf of owners, based on consideration of resources and an assessment of the internal and external environments in which the organization competes. [8] Strategy is defined as the determination of the basic long-term goals of an enterprise, and the adoption of courses of action and the allocation of resources necessary for carrying out these goals. Strategies are established to set direction, focus effort, define or clarify the organization, and provide consistency or guidance in response to the environment. [10] Strategic management involves the related concepts of strategic planning and strategic thinking. Strategic planning is analytical in nature and refers to formalized procedures to produce the data and analyses used as inputs for strategic thinking, which synthesizes the data resulting in the strategy. Strategic planning may also refer to control mechanisms used to implement the strategy once it is determined. In other words, strategic planning happens around the strategic thinking or strategy making activity. [11] Strategic management is often described as involving two major processes: formulation and implementation of strategy. While described sequentially below, in practice the two processes are iterative and each provides input for the other. [11] Formulation Formulation of strategy involves analyzing the environment in which the organization operates, then making a series of strategic decisions about how the organization will compete. Formulation ends with a series of goals or objectives and measures for the organization to pursue. Environmental analysis includes the: Remote external environment, including the political, economic, social, technological and regulatory landscape; Industry environment, such as the competitive behavior of rival organizations, the bargaining power of buyers/customers and suppliers, threats from new entrants to the industry, and the ability of buyers to substitute products; and Internal environment, regarding the strengths and weaknesses of the organizations resources (i. Its people, processes and IT systems). [11] Strategic decisions are based on insight from the environmental assessment and are responses to strategic questions about how the organization will compete, such as: What is the organizations business? Who is the target customer for the organizations products and services? Where are the customers and how do they buy? What is considered value to the customer? Which businesses, products and services should be included or excluded from the portfolio of offerings? What is the geographic scope of the business? What differentiates the company from its competitors in the eyes of customers and other stakeholders? Which skills and resources should be developed within the firm? What are the important opportunities and risks for the organization? How can the firm grow, through both its base business and new business? How can the firm generate more value for investors? [11][12] The answers to these and many other strategic questions result in the organizations strategy and a series of specific short-term and long-term goals or objectives and related measures. Where the realized pattern was different from the intent, he referred to the strategy as emergent; Strategy as position – locating brands, products, or companies within the market, based on the conceptual framework of consumers or other stakeholders; a strategy determined primarily by factors outside the firm; Strategy as ploy – a specific maneuver intended to outwit a competitor; and Strategy as perspective – executing strategy based on a theory of the business or natural extension of the mindset or ideological perspective of the organization. In 1998, Mintzberg developed these five types of management strategy into 10 â€Å"schools of thought† and grouped them into three categories. The first group is normative. It consists of the schools of informal design and conception, the formal planning, and analytical positioning. The second group, consisting of six schools, is more concerned with how strategic management is actually done, rather than prescribing optimal plans or positions. The six schools are entrepreneurial, visionary, cognitive, learning/adaptive/emergent, negotiation, corporate culture and business environment. The third and final group consists of one school, the configuration or transformation school, a hybrid of the other schools organized into stages, organizational life cycles, or â€Å"episodes†. [15] Historical development Origins The strategic management discipline originated in the 1950s and 1960s. Among the numerous early contributors, the most influential were Alfred Chandler, Philip Selznick, Igor Ansoff, and Peter Drucker. The discipline draws from earlier thinking and texts on strategy dating back thousands of years. Many companies built strategic planning functions to develop and execute the formulation and implementation processes during the 1960s. [16] Peter Drucker was a prolific management theorist and author of dozens of management books, with a career spanning five decades. He addressed fundamental strategic questions in a 1954 book The Practice of Management writing: the first responsibility of top management is to ask the question what is our business? and to make sure it is carefully studied and correctly answered. He wrote that the answer was determined by the customer. He recommended eight areas where objectives should be set, such as market standing, innovation, productivity, physical and financial resources, worker performance and attitude, profitability, manager performance and development, and public responsibility. In 1957, Philip Selznick formalized the idea of matching the organizations internal factors with external environmental circumstances. [18] This core idea was developed into what we now call SWOT analysis. Strengths and weaknesses of the firm are assessed in light of the opportunities and threats in the business environment. Alfred Chandler recognized the importance of coordinating management activity under an all-encompassing strategy. Interactions between functions were typically handled by managers who relayed information back and forth between departments. Chandler stressed the importance of taking a long term perspective when looking to the future. In his 1962 ground breaking work Strategy and Structure, Chandler showed that a long-term coordinated strategy was necessary to give a company structure, direction and focus. He says it concisely, â€Å"structure follows strategy. In his 1965 classic Corporate Strategy, he developed gap analysis to clarify the gap between the current reality and the goals and to develop what he called â€Å"gap reducing actions†. [20] Ansoff wrote that strategic management had three parts: strategic planning; the skill of a firm in converting its plans into reality; and the skill of a firm in managing its own internal resistance to change. Bruce Henderson, founder of the Boston Consulting Group, wrote about the concept of the experience curve in 1968, following initial work begun in 1965. The experience curve refers to a hypothesis that unit production costs decline by 20-30% every time cumulative production doubles. This supported the argument for achieving higher market share and economies of scale. Michael Porter defined strategy in 1980 as the broad formula for how a business is going to compete, what its goals should be, and what policies will be needed to carry out those goals and the combination of the ends (goals) for which the firm is striving and the means (policies) by which it is seeking to get there. He continued that: The essence of formulating competitive strategy is relating a company to its environment. Change in focus from production to marketing The direction of strategic research also paralleled a major paradigm shift in how companies competed, specifically a shift from the production focus to market focus. The prevailing concept in strategy up to the 1950s was to create a product of high technical quality. If you created a product that worked well and was durable, it was assumed you would have no difficulty profiting. This was called the production orientation. Henry Ford famously said of the Model T car: Any customer can have a car painted any color that he wants, so long as it is black. [24] Management theorist Peter Drucker wrote in 1954 that it was the customer who defined what business the organization was in. [12] In 1960 Theodore Levitt argued that instead of producing products then trying to sell them to the customer, businesses should start with the customer, find out what they wanted, and then produce it for them. The fallacy of the production orientation was also referred to as marketing myopia in an article of the same name by Levitt. [25] Over time, the customer became the driving force behind all strategic business decisions. This marketing concept, in the decades since its introduction, has been reformulated and repackaged under names including market orientation, customer orientation, customer intimacy, customer focus, customer-driven and market focus. Jim Collins summarized a key insight regarding the shift from production to marketing in 1997: Its more important than ever to define yourself in terms of what you stand for rather than what you make, because what you make is going to become outmoded faster than it has at any time in the past. By focusing on why a company exists rather than what it makes, the strategic frame of reference is expanded. [26] In 2001, he recommended that organizations define themselves based on three key questions: What are we passionate about? What can we be best in the world at? What drives our economic engine? [27] Nature of strategy In 1985, Professor Ellen Earle-Chaffee summarized what she thought were the main elements of strategic management theory where consensus generally existed as of the 1970s, writing that strategic management:[28] Involves adapting the organization to its business environment; Is fluid and complex. Change creates novel combinations of circumstances requiring unstructured non-repetitive responses; Affects the entire organization by providing direction; Involves both strategy formulation processes and also implementation of the content of the strategy; May be planned (intended) and unplanned (emergent); Is done at several levels: overall corporate strategy, and individual business strategies; and Involves both conceptual and analytical thought processes. Chaffee further wrote that research up to that point covered three models of strategy, which were not mutually exclusive: Linear strategy: A planned determination of goals, initiatives, and allocation of resources, along the lines of the Chandler definition above. This is most consistent with strategic planning approaches and may have a long planning horizon. The strategist deals with the environment but it is not the central concern. Adaptive strategy: In this model, the organizations goals and activities are primarily concerned with adaptation to the environment, analogous to a biological organism. The need for continuous adaption reduces or eliminates the planning window. There is more focus on means (resource mobilization to address the environment) rather than ends (goals). Strategy is less centralized than in the linear model. Interpretive strategy: A more recent and less developed model than the linear and adaptive models, interpretive strategy is concerned with orienting metaphors constructed for the purpose of conceptualizing and guiding individual attitudes or organizational participants. The aim of interpretive strategy is legitimacy or credibility in the mind of stakeholders. It places emphasis on symbols and language to influence the minds of customers, rather than the physical product of the organization. [29]

Develop Sustainability Policy

Question: Discuss about the Develop Sustainability Policy. Answer: Introduction The following sustainability policy is developed to enable the business conduct it operations in the most effective and efficient way by enabling and respects all stakeholders interests. The policy ensures recognition of the stakeholders, interest and need in the business5. Therefore the business will be able to engage on sustainable operations that will benefit all it stakeholders and lead to business success. This policy will ensure that the business does not only exist to maximize its owners wealth but also as part of the society that has to relate ethically with other stakeholders. Planning sustainability The plan sustainability developed in this paper is for a food business in Australia. The plan focuses on the available information about standards and guidelines available in food industry. Second, -planning sustainability process will focuses on methods and techniques of the sustainability policy that will be used. The process will also identify and consult stakeholders to the business. Lastly the planning process will outline recommendations that will ensure effectiveness of the sustainability policy that is being developed. MacDonald information The Macdonald is a food business that will open as a franchise in Sydney outskirts. The business will involve in preparing meals and selling to the public by opening outlets in high traffic areas. The outlets will be involved in sale of fast food to customers. The business will have skilled employees who will prepare dishes ready for consumption. Sources of standards The food industry is much protected by the industry best practices, guidelines, organizational specifications and legislations specifications. The Food businesses must comply with this standard unless they fall under the definition of 'primary food production'. FSANZ is developing Primary Production and processing standards separately. Food handlers must also comply with the requirements that relate specifically to food handlers. Standard 3.2.Isets out specific food handling controls related to the receipt, storage, processing, display, packaging, transportation, disposal and recall of food. Other requirements relate to the skills and knowledge of food handlers and their supervisors, the health and hygiene of food handlers, and the cleaning, sanitizing and maintenance of the food premises and equipment within the premises. If complied with, these requirements will ensure that food does not become unsafe or unsuitable. 1"Food Safety Practices and General Requirements Standard 3.2.2", in Foodstandards.gov.au, , 2017, https://www.foodstandards.gov.au/consumer/safety/faqsafety/pages/foodsafetyfactsheets/foodsafetypracticesa70.aspx [accessed 5 April 2017]. Methods and Techniques of writing the policy The sustainability policy will aim to dematerialize and optimize consumption of the businesses products in the Australian food market. It will involve methods that will increase functionality of the businesss products to meet customers needs. The consumption optimization method will enable meeting the customers demand more sustainability. The food prepared in the business will at meeting customers nutritional requirements thereby improving their lives 2. Techniques to be used will be product and service improvement and system improvement in developing the companys sustainability policy. Systems Improvement techniques to make systems more sustainable include by instituting Environmental Management Systems and multi stakeholder involvement. Product and Service Improvement technique ensure products and services more sustainable include: Life Cycle Management, Eco-design, Eco-labeling, and Product Service Systems. Needs and interests of the business stakeholders The stakeholders of the company will be employees, customers, owners, local communities and regulators. The sustainability policy will address their needs and interests that the business will strive to achieve or balance to enable collective success of all stakeholders. Customers: They need nutritious, safe and healthy food for their bodies. Owners: These stakeholders need high returns in their investment. Minimum resource usage and maximum returns. Local community: They need support for the activities occurring in the society in solving their problems. Employees: They need safe workplace and good compensation. 2A Johnston, "Constructing Sustainability through CSR: A Critical Appraisal of ISO 26000", in SSRN Electronic Journal. Regulators: The business should act responsibility to it surrounding (environment) Sustainability Options and Recommendations The business should develop the following the following sustainability policies; Customers sustainability policy Employees Sustainability Policy Owners Sustainability Policy Environmental Sustainability Policy Community sustainability policy Recommendation The business should implement the sustainability policies in priorities. For instance it should start with employees, owners and customers sustainability policies and lastly implement community sustainability policy. The business should strictly adhere to industry best practices to avoid withdrawal of permit by the authority. The business should also continuously review the sustainability policy to enhance improvement thereby enabling efficiency in the business 3. 3J Kens, "Planning and procedures", in Sustainabilityskills.net.au, , 2017, https://sustainabilityskills.net.au/what-is-sustainability/sustainability-practice/strategy-and-management/planning-and-procedures/ [accessed 5 April 2017]. Recommendation for effectiveness in the business; The business should formulate a comprehensive and appropriate employees sustainability policy that will continuously improve skills in order to improve their effectiveness in the organization. Sustainability policy development Company profile The business will be food outlet located in a high traffic area. The business will be involved in preparation of food for the customers. The business will research, acquire inputs, prepare and sell different dishes to customers who have preference to great taste. The business will be owned by several investors by shares. The business stakeholders will be customers, suppliers, employees, investors, regulators and the community 6. 5D Levi R Sokoloski, "Cal Poly's Sustainability Program: What is Its Effect on Students?", in Focus, vol. 10, 2013. 6L Hawrysz J Foltys, "Environmental Aspects of Social Responsibility of Public Sector Organizations", in Sustainability, vol. 8, 2015, 19. Purpose of the sustainability policy The sustainability policy will aim to address the following in the process of developing strategies; Minimizing resources use by reducing waste Ensuring there is no toxic materials or hazardous chemical use in preparation of meals Enabling employing of life cycle management approaches Promoting sustainability principles in the business Raising awareness among stakeholders Enabling training employees in sustainability principles and techniques Customers sustainability policy The Company will strive to find new ways to strengthen the nutritional profile of the menu items while maintaining the great tastes that customers expect. The business will adopt menu board labeling which will provides clear kilojoules content information for customers prior to their purchase decision. The business commitment will involve bolder dcision-making, customer-centric innovation and renewed emphasis on the fundamentals extends to our sustainability efforts on nutritional value of meals 78. 7"Food Safety Practices and General Requirements Standard 3.2.2", in Foodstandards.gov.au, , 2017, https://www.foodstandards.gov.au/consumer/safety/faqsafety/pages/foodsafetyfactsheets/foodsafetypracticesa70.aspx [accessed 5 April 2017]. 8"Food Sustainability Choices :: McDonalds", in Corporate.mcdonalds.com, , 2017, https://corporate.mcdonalds.com/mcd/sustainability/food.html [accessed 5 April 2017]. The business will be involved in fast food products that are a favorite place for children the business will endorse responsible marketing when promoting products. This will take responsibility to communicate appropriately with families and young people. The business will abide to the Australian Association of National Advertisers and Australian Food and Grocery Council this initiative provides industry standards and guidelines for advertising to children. The business will be vigilant about food safety standards and will collaborate with government, industry bodies and other experts to support innovation and improvement in food safety practices. To ensure the integrity of the business food stringent food safety procedures will be put in place at every stage of the food preparation process. The business will have a food safety plan that is based on the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) approach 9. A HACCP plan will identify hazards to which products might be exposed and the critical points where control measures must be in place. Suppliers Sustainability Policy The business will adopt a model that is based on a culture of partnership and collaboration which will make it possible for the supplier to serve consistently safe and high quality food. It will be important to the business that suppliers operate sustainable and profitable businesses and benefit from the partnership with the business. It is also important to the business that it sources products in a responsible and ethical manner that contributes to the development of sustainable agriculture and food manufacturing processes. Regulators Sustainability Policy The business will abide the set regulatory food organization in Australia to ensure food safety and integrity is observed. The business will carry it operations in the industry by strict observations of the food standards set to ensuring Australians access safe and health food. 9P Rabinowitz, "Chapter 7. Encouraging Involvement in Community Work | Section 8. Identifying and Analyzing Stakeholders and Their Interests | Main Section | Community Tool Box", in Ctb.ku.edu, , 2015, https://ctb.ku.edu/en/table-of-contents/participation/encouraging-involvement/identify-stakeholders/main [accessed 5 April 2017]. Employees Sustainability Policy The business will work to provide an employment experience that employees will value, one that is flexible, complements employees lifestyles and provides opportunities for the development of life-long skills 11. The business will strive to create a work environment where everyone can expect to be treated equally with dignity and respect. It will encourage all team members to promote a friendly, respectful workplace and to discourage any behavior that might cause hurt or embarrassment to others. Lastly, there will be development opportunities, individuals will be evaluated on their performance and promotion based on merit. Employment, promotions and training will not be determined by age, race, color, sex, appearance, religion, marital or parental status, sexual preference, disability, impairment or national origin 10. Environmental Sustainability Policy The business is committed to acting responsibly to the natural resources in ensuring sustainability. This will involve proper waste management, water usage, saving energy to reduce greenhouse gas emission and animal welfare 10S Neubert, "Wastewater reuse: how integrated and sustainable is the strategy?", in Water Policy, vol. 11, 2009, 37. 11A McGowan, "Developing Alaska Sustainably", in Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, vol. 56, 2014, 2-3. Investors Sustainability policy The business will use optimum resources in order to maximize return on the company. This will ensure that the return on shareholders investment is maximized. Local Community Sustainability Policy The business will be committed in participating in society projects to enabling solving of the current community problem. The business will also give preference to job opportunities and partnerships in supplies. Communication Strategy for Sustainability Policy Communication strategy for sustainability policy is a tool of ensuring that the developed sustainability policies of different stakeholders reach them effectively. Communicating sustainability policies to stakeholders ensures that the sustainability policy serves it purpose in the process of developing and implementing business strategies. The following communication strategy will be used to communicate the business sustainable policies it strive to implementing sustainability principles in its operations. The communication strategy will use several tools to communicate the content of the sustainability policy. Communication Strategy tools Presentation This tool will be used to communicate to a group of stakeholders in meetings, conferences or training section. This tool will be appropriate for communicating when stakeholders are in one area at the time of communication. Presentation allows the stakeholder to understand all the content relevant to the sustainability policy. This tool will be able to outline, explain and offer analyzes of the sustainability policy. Presentation is appropriate when communicating in meetings with investors, conferences with regulators and orienting employees. Flyers for Notice boards/ Suppliers The flyer offers a communication strategy to stakeholders outside the organization. Flyers can be displayed on notice board on places that have high traffic to increase the number of potential stakeholders accessing the information. The flyer is convenient to giving out to different stakeholders. The flyers require to be designed and be printed out of the content that is intended to be communicated. Flyers are not able to accommodate much explaination about the policy but give an outline and short explanation. The flyers are intended to communicate to stakeholders outside the organization who are in large numbers. This tool is appropriate for communicating to local communities and supplies of the business. Training Sessions This tool of communication strategy is appropriate when communicating sustainability policies to employees. It can either be individual or a group of employees. This tool communicates the employees sustainability policy to employees. The communication requires a trainer or coach to pass the information to the employees in the process of training. The communication strategy tool has a role of enlightening employees about the business commitment to sustainability. Communicating policy to employees enables understanding that that increases effectiveness and efficiency in the business. The tool is desired to comprehensively explain sustainability policy to employees in training session so that they employees act to business expectations 12. Video Videos are good communication strategy tool that provides oral communication of the sustainability policy. Videos offer explanation of the sustainability policy. Videos are appropriate for internal stakeholders who want to learn the sustainability policy of the business. Video requires specialist to prepare. The availability of a video ensures there are readily source of learning materials for the company policy. 12V Sapovadia, "Developing Corporate Strategic Framework to Enhance Sustainability Through CSR", in SSRN Electronic Journal. Newsletters This communication strategy tool is comprehensive and analytical of all sustainable policies that the business has developed. Newsletters are appropriate for communicating outside the business. The newsletter is detailed and can be used by regulators to evaluate the sustainability policy of the business. Newsletters are also availed to the public to enable understanding of the business13. Policy Implementation Implementing the sustainability policy will involve communication to all stakeholder to enable the efficiency of the policy formulated. The implementation process will involve several activities that will facilitate adopting of the policy. The implementation process of the sustainability policy will involve developing and communicating implementing procedures. This will help the internal organization get prepared for the implementation process. The implementing policy will also involve informing the team members in the workplace. Informing team members enables employees to know what is expected of them and what they expect from the organization. The policy implementation requires resources to implement the sustainability policy. A set budget is required to facilitate the implementation process. The success of a sustainability policy is dependent on the resources allocated. Resources are required facilitate communication, train employees and cater for the environments. The policy implementation process requires projects management of all aspects to enable effectiveness of the sustainability policy. This enables facilitation of the activities in the organization. The employees are required to adhere to all safety work practices in the workplace. This enables the efficiency6 of the resources that the business is using in enhancing sustainability. Lastly, the implementation process of policy involves implementing strategies that can enable continuous improvement of resource efficiency. This involves institutionalizing policies to enable sustainability. The business will adopt a training and development section for employees to e nsure skills improvement in the company. Policy Review This process involves investigating of the sustainability policy to establish it success in the business. The policy review will involve reviewing documents outcomes, feedback from personnel and stakeholder and investigating an alternative policy. This process will act as the final phase of sustainability policy. This process also involves monitoring the implementing policy process to ensure effectiveness and efficiency of the sustainability. In addition the policy review will establish performance appraisal for employees to investigate the success of the employees sustainability policy. 13P Ziek, "CSR Infrastructure for Communication and the Nike Controversy", in Journal of Management and Sustainability, vol. 3, 2012. References Curtis, C, "Planning for sustainable accessibility: The implementation challenge". in Transport Policy, 15, 2008, 104-112. "Food Safety Practices and General Requirements Standard 3.2.2". in , , 2017, https://www.foodstandards.gov.au/consumer/safety/faqsafety/pages/foodsafetyfactsheets/foodsafetypracticesa70.aspx [accessed 5 April 2017]. "Food Sustainability Choices :: McDonalds". in , , 2017, https://corporate.mcdonalds.com/mcd/sustainability/food.html [accessed 5 April 2017]. Hawrysz, L, J Foltys, "Environmental Aspects of Social Responsibility of Public Sector Organizations". in Sustainability, 8, 2015, 19. Johnston, A, "Constructing Sustainability Through CSR: A Critical Appraisal of ISO 26000". in SSRN Electronic Journal. Kens, J, "Planning and procedures". in Sustainabilityskills.net.au, , 2017, https://sustainabilityskills.net.au/what-is-sustainability/sustainability-practice/strategy-and-management/planning-and-procedures/ [accessed 5 April 2017]. Levi, D, R Sokoloski, "Cal Poly's Sutainability Program: What is Its Effect on Students?". in Focus, 10, 2013. McGowan, A, "Developing Alaska Sustainably". in Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, 56, 2014, 2-3. Neubert, S, "Wastewater reuse: how integrated and sustainable is the strategy?". in Water Policy, 11, 2009, 37. Rabinowitz, P, "Chapter 7. Encouraging Involvement in Community Work | Section 8. Identifying and Analyzing Stakeholders and Their Interests | Main Section | Community Tool Box". in Ctb.ku.edu, , 2015, https://ctb.ku.edu/en/table-of-contents/participation/encouraging-involvement/identify-stakeholders/main [accessed 5 April 2017]. Sapovadia, V, "Developing Corporate Strategic Framework to Enhance Sustainability Through CSR". in SSRN Electronic Journal. Ziek, P, "CSR Infrastructure for Communication and the Nike Controversy". in Journal of Management and Sustainability, 3, 2012.